CAN SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION MAKE BIOGENIC AMINES FROM ORANGE WASTE BIOAVAILABLE?

Biogenic amines (BAs) are bioactive compounds that serve as precursors to hormones and may confer health benefits. The concentrations of certain BAs in food can be used as quality indicators. In Brazil, sweet orange production significantly contributes to the global orange juice market, resulting in a substantial amount of industrial waste. These wastes represent potential substrates for solid-state fermentation (SSF), a bioprocess that can produce, decrease and increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the profile of BAs in various industrial orange waste both before and after SSF. Oranges (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) of the 'Pêra' variety were processed using the JBT FoodTech in-line extractor, resulting in three wastes: bagasse, peel, and frit. Aspergillus flavipes (INCQS 40024), Aspergillus oryzae (INCQS 40068), and Aspergillus niger (CBMAI 2084) were cultivated on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and used with orange waste in SSF. Extracts from both unfermented and fermented samples were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Several BAs, including serotonin, dopamine, histamine, and tyramine, along with L-tryptophan, were detected. Fermentation with A. niger and A. oryzae significantly increased the concentrations of serotonin (16.03 and 42.77 ug/g) and L-tryptophan (2619.65 and 2915.68 ug/g) using bagasse as a substrate in SSF, respectively. While bagasse initially contained no agmatine, substantial amounts were produced during fermentation with A. niger and A. oryzae. Additionally, the concentration of tyramine, which is considered hazardous at elevated levels, decreased when peel (5.12 ug/g) and frit (1.39 ug/g) were used as substrate in SSF with A. flavipes. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of biogenic amines in industrial orange waste, highlighting the potential of SSF in altering the content of BAs according to the orange waste and Aspergillus species used.