THERAPIES WITH STEM CELLS AND EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES FOR COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted intensive research into novel therapeutic approaches to mitigate its severe respiratory and systemic manifestations. Among these, therapies utilizing stem cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and tissue reparative properties. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), derived from sources like bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord, exert their effects by modulating immune responses, promoting tissue repair, and mitigating fibrosis, thereby offering potential benefits in combating COVID-19-associated cytokine storms and lung injury. Similarly, EVs contribute to intercellular communication by delivering bioactive molecules that regulate immune responses and enhance tissue regeneration. The clinical application of MSCs and EVs in COVID-19 requires careful consideration of factors such as cell source, dosage, administration route, and patient selection. Different sources of MSCs possess unique characteristics in terms of proliferation capacity, differentiation potential, and immunomodulatory properties. Determining the optimal dosage is critical for maximizing therapeutic benefits while minimizing risks, necessitating dose-escalation studies. The route of administration significantly influences the distribution, retention, and efficacy of MSCs and EVs. Given the diverse pathophysiology of COVID-19 patients, a tailored approach rather than a one-size-fits-all strategy is imperative for effective treatment. This abstract reviews the mechanisms of action underlying stem cell and EV therapies, summarizes both preclinical and clinical findings, and discusses current challenges and future directions. It highlights the potential of these innovative therapies to complement existing treatments and pave the way for more effective management of COVID-19 and its associated complications.

Supported by CNPq # 306599/2023-6, FAPERJ # E-26/201.177/2022, E-26/210.777/2021)