Optimization of Battery Swapping Stations with Heterogeneity, Charging Degradation and PV-Option

This dissertation focuses on the study of Battery Swapping Stations (BSS), which are structures where electric vehicle users swap their depleted batteries for fully or partially charged ones. The objective is to simulate the daily operations and battery charging schedule of a BSS using a novel Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model proposed. This model takes into account battery heterogeneity, the utilization of local photovoltaic (PV) production, and battery degradation. The proposed model addresses various operational issues that are relevant to BSS. For instance, it incorporates grid energy import limits incentives and battery degradation costs based solely on the charging profile. Additionally, the model facilitates the implementation of the battery charging schedule based on a continuous charging profile without interruptions. By introducing this model, several existing gaps in the technical literature concerning BSS are addressed, thus allowing a better understanding of BSS operations and further advancements in the field.