Rapid and Green method forensic authentication of rice using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and multivariate analysis

Francisco S. Panero (PQ),1* Francisco R. B. Alves (IC),1 João S. Panero (PQ),2 Anselmo F. R. Rodriguez (PQ),3 Pedro S. Panero (PQ),2 Fernando S. E. D. V. Faria (PQ).3

[email protected]; [email protected]

1Chemistry Department, Federal University of Roraima, UFRR 2Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Roraima, IFRR; ³Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network of the Legal Amazon, Biotechnology Department, Federal University of Acre, UFAC

Keywords: Near-Infrared, Rice, Chemometrics, forensic authentication.

Highlights

Rapid and Green method forensic authentication of rice using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and multivariate analysis This work investigates the potential of NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis: PCA and HCA for rapid and non-destructive forensic authentication of rice grains from Brazil and Venezuela.

Abstract

Nowadays, scientists are seeking to develop methodologies that do not harm the environment. In the literature, some researchers have proposed the new concept of "Green Chemistry", which is sometimes called "Clean Chemistry" or "Environmentally Benign Chemistry”. Green Chemistry refers to the use of a set of principles that prioritize the reduction or elimination of the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and application of chemicals. Anastas and Warner1 proposed 12 complementary principles in order to maximize resource efficiency and minimize the environmental and human health risks. The most important of the twelve principles is the first (because avoiding waste is better than treating or cleaning the waste generated). Many conventional analytical methods are not green, as they produce harmful residues during and after analytical processes. However, the key priorities4 can reduce or eliminate reagent consumption and minimize the working time through highly efficient analyses. The analytical methods used in green chemistry are an important trend in analytical chemistry because of sustainable development that is useful for society. Authenticity is an important issue for the food industries due to legal compliance, economic reasons and guarantee of quality. But the majority of analytical methods and techniques used for authentication and discrimination of geographical origin of food products are destructive, slow and generate waste to the environment. Considering rice as a raw material of economic and social value and the recent use of NIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric methods to authentication and discrimination of geographical origin as an alternative to classical methods in the search for a methodology in line with Green Chemistry, this work investigates the potential of NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) for rapid and non-destructive forensic authentication of rice grains from Brazil and Venezuela. For this study two commercial rice (Faccio and Prato Chic) produced in the State of Roraima (Brazil) acquired in the local commerce and a one commercial rice (Cristal) originating in Venezuela obtained in the informal free fairs where products from the neighboring country (Venezuela are found). This study investigated the potential of near infrared spectroscopy, combined with PCA and HCA chemometric technique to authenticity of Rice. is feasible and advantageous to implement authenticity detection authenticity of different brands, typology and geographical discrimination ( Brazil and Venezuela) rice. It can serve as an alternative to laborious, time-consuming, wet chemical methods and sensory analysis of human.

References

¹P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press: New York, 1998. ²American Chemical Society. https://www.acs.org/content acs/en/greenchemistry/what-is-green-chemistry/principles/ 12-principles of-green-chemistry.html (accessed December 2019)