Genetic variations associated with adaptation processes in Acrocomia palms: A comparative study across the Neotropic for future crop improvement

Population genetic research has advanced, focusing on selection processes using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) genotyping to study crop traits and domestication. This study examines the adaptation of three neotropical palms in the genus Acrocomia, known for their oil extraction potential. We focus on their genetic structure, evolutionary importance, and the selection signatures relevant to breeding. Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) with outlier SNP markers, we identified adaptive genetic processes in A. aculeata, A. totai, and A. intumescens across the Neotropics. Our results reveal two major gene pools in A. aculeata, one in North America and one in South America, shaped by dispersal and biogeographic barriers. Selective signatures are linked to fatty acid and carotenoid biosynthesis, pathogen resistance, and adaptation to environmental stress. A. totai shows pronounced genetic structure, with SNPs indicating recent diversification driven by climatic and geological factors, particularly in the Pantanal biome. A. intumescens presents genetic structuring influenced by biogeographic barriers within the Caatinga biome, with potential shared ancestry with A. aculeata. Correlations between allele frequencies and climatic variables highlight adaptation to various environments, especially semi-arid regions, with annual mean temperature being a key factor. Candidate genes related to fatty acid and carotenoid biosynthesis, pathogen resistance, and drought tolerance suggest targets for domestication. Despite challenges in reduced representation sequencing, this study emphasizes Acrocomia’s potential as a novel crop for oil production, biofuels, and sustainable agriculture. Future research should focus on whole-genome sequencing and genotype-environment interactions to fully realize Acrocomia's potential for sustainable development and renewable energy.