The Lyme disease as a differential diagnosis for Multiple Sclerosis

Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system. This disorder leads to symptoms such as ataxia, fatigue, and impaired cognitive abilities. Lyme Disease (LD), on the other hand, is caused by infection with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted by tick bites. Although its etiology is distinct from MS, LD can manifest with symptoms similar to those of MS in the human body when it comes to neurological impairments. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that LD be considered as a diagnostic hypothesis when MS is suspected, given that the treatment and diagnostic approaches for these diseases are significantly different. Objectives: To compare the pathophysiology and symptoms of Lyme Disease and Multiple Sclerosis, emphasizing the importance of clinical findings for early diagnosis. Methodology: This is a systematic review where 10 articles were selected from 3 databases (SciELO, PubMed, LILACS), using the keywords "Multiple Sclerosis", "Lyme Disease", "symptoms", "demyelinating", "neurological disorder", and "clinical progression". Only original studies published from the year 2010 onwards were considered eligible. Results: There is significant symptomatic similarity between MS and LD, particularly in the late stage of LD (when cognitive deficits, paresis, and polyneuropathies can occur). For a case of MS to be correctly diagnosed, it is essential to consider the possibility of LD, especially in the presence of a clinical history of pathogen exposure and residence in an endemic area. Conclusion: Since early diagnosis of MS is challenging due to the nonspecific symptoms accompanying the initial disease presentation, considering other diseases such as LD is crucial. Therefore, efforts are being made to improve timely diagnoses and treatments for each condition, aiming for a better quality of life for patients.