Research Scholar (PhD)

Hypertension and depression are two of the most common non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide, and their co-occurrence substantially increases the risk of disability, frailty, and premature mortality among middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension, known as the “silent killer,” affects over a billion people globally, with the greatest burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Depression, a leading cause of disability, often overlaps with chronic illnesses like hypertension through shared biological, behavioral, and social pathways. Despite their importance, limited research has examined the joint burden of these conditions in India, where population aging and health inequalities are rapidly intensifying.
This study investigates the prevalence, socioeconomic distribution, and determinants of co-occurring hypertension and depressive symptoms among Indian adults aged 45 years and older, using nationally representative data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI Wave-1, 2017–18). The analytical sample included 27,319 individuals. Hypertension was identified using measured blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg), self-reported diagnosis, or treatment, while depressive symptoms were measured with the CES-D10 scale. Descriptive statistics, multivariate logistic regression, and Erreygers' concentration index were employed.
Results show that 9% of adults had both hypertension and depression. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among hypertensives was higher in women (30.5%) than men (24.2%) and increased with age. Elevated risks were observed among those with no schooling, Scheduled Castes, Muslims, and individuals living alone. Poor self-rated health, functional limitations, underweight status, and sleep problems further contributed to vulnerability. Regional variation was marked, with prevalence highest in the central region and lowest in the northeast. Socioeconomic inequality was evident, with co-occurrence disproportionately concentrated among the poor (CI=−0.0597, p<0.001), particularly in urban areas (CI=−0.1035).
The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated NCD and mental health strategies, alongside equity-oriented interventions targeting vulnerable groups, to ensure healthy and dignified aging in India. The dual burden of hypertension and depression among older adults in India represents a critical but under-recognized public health challenge.