Qualitative research applying digital tools: lessons and recommendations for developing regions

Introduction: LMICs face several challenges in implementing qualitative research due to funding constraints, insecurity, violence, and political instability. Digital tools could help overcome these constraints.

Goals and Methods: We aim to provide methodological guidelines for implementing qualitative research using digital tools in developing regions. The research process is analyzed in detail, including the logistics, ethics, recruitment, follow-up, in-depth interviews, and the delivery of results using digital tools based on available evidence and the experience of studies involving different audiences (i.e., children, parents, schoolteachers, health staff, and government actors). Based on the experiences of three research projects implemented in Ecuador, specific recommendations for successfully implementing qualitative research using digital tools are provided.

Results: The most relevant aspects to consider are ensuring the confidentiality and security of data using institutional platforms, dedicated servers, anonymization, team members’ roles definition, and access to data. WhatsApp proved to be a valuable tool for contacting and following up participants. A critical limitation is the difficulty of recruiting participants through social networks. A support strategy constitutes a snowball sampling. Although the COVID-19 pandemic increased internet access and access to digital platforms, it is still difficult to reach rural and low-income populations. During the interviews, it is essential to emphasize the need for adequate spaces free of noise or distractions. During the interviews with children, we noted that parents tried to be present (although not visible), which might influence the responses. In our research, participants received vouchers from local supermarkets as compensation. However, digital vouchers were unavailable, making delivery logistics difficult. It is essential to consider other digital means of compensation at the research planning stage to ensure that the administrative processes are adapted to the research requirements.

Conclusions. Qualitative research using digital tools in developing regions is feasible if detailed planning is undertaken.