Multiobjective EV Charging Station Planning for Large-Scale Transportation Systems

This paper proposes a scalable strategy to allocate and size charging stations (CS) for electric vehicles (EV) combined with carport photovoltaic (PV) systems using a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model. Considering the net-metering scheme and a private investor perspective, the proposed MINLP model minimizes the investment and operation costs to indicate the proper locations and sizes of CS and PV carport systems. Locations are evaluated using only public data on the traffic and the transportation system. The multiobjective strategy addressed here to obtain optimal solutions leads to a reduced computational effort, which allows large-scale studies. A real-world Brazilian case considering two time-of-use energy tariffs and 5% EV penetration is used to test the strategy. The results show that the entire CS infrastructure does not cover up to 140 km of EV trips on state highways, and photovoltaic systems are strategically designed to maximize the use of the energy produced.