Osmoregulatory biomarkers in snook Centropomus parallelus gills after exposure to atmospheric particulate matter in Vitória-ES.

Metallurgical activities are among the main sources of emissions of contaminants into the atmosphere, including gases and mainly atmospheric particulate matter (APM). Metallurgical APM is mainly composed of carbon, iron, and silica; however, elements such as lead, aluminum, zinc, manganese, Copper, chromium, and titanium occur in lower concentrations depending on the alloys. In this way, the continuous entry of APM into the different environmental compartments represents a long-term environmental risk since the adverse effects of APM on the different trophic levels are still being evaluated.