LOW CAFFEINE INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY AND/OR LACTATION CAUSES HORMONAL AND METABOLIC CHANGES IN THE OFFSPRING DEPENDENT ON THE CRITICAL WINDOW, SEX AND AGE

Caffeine crosses the placenta and mammary barrier and can affect the offspring metabolism and endocrine system from heavy caffeine users. Then, there is a recommendation to limit caffeine intake until 300 mg/day during pregnancy. However, it is unclear the impact of low caffeine intake during pregnancy and/or lactation on offspring.