Background and objectives: Longitudinal studies investigating the tracking of dietary patterns (DPs) from childhood to adolescence are scarce, particularly in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the tracking of DPs and to investigate their association with changes in body mass index (BMI) in a cohort of Brazilian schoolchildren. Methods: Children aged 7-10-y were examined in 2007 (N=1158) and a sub-set of the sample participated in follow-up in 2012 (N=458). Factor analysis was applied to derive DPs. Associations of BMI change with DPs change were assessed by multivariate linear regression. Results: In the cross-sectional analysis of baseline data, four DPs were identified that explained 45.3% of the food intake variance: ‘Traditional main meal’, ‘Dairy and bread’, ‘Processed Foods’ and ‘Fruits and vegetables’. Low correlations were found between the baseline factor score of each DP and it score at follow-up. Three DPs were consistently observed across time: ‘Traditional main meal’, ‘Dairy and bread’ and ‘Processed Foods’. A novel DP emerged at follow-up with high loadings for unhealthy foods. Children with stable or increased ‘Processed Foods’ pattern scores showed a 0.17 SD increase in BMI z-score over the study period. Conclusions: In conclusion, a low level of tracking was observed in DPs from childhood to adolescence, although similar underlying DPs were evidenced in the baseline cross-sectional analysis and in the follow-up sample. Unchanged or increased adherence to the ‘Processed Foods’ DP was prospectively associated with greater BMI z-score in adolescence.