Palladium(II) complexes containing functionalized oximes: Synthesis, characterization, biological activity and ct-DNA interactions

Cancer is one of the biggest challenges to global public health and is the second leading cause of premature death worldwide. Chemotherapy drugs are the main treatment, and platinum-based drugs are used most often. Motivated by the successful clinical use of platinum-based drugs, many groups have investigated other metal-based complexes as potential antineoplastic agents. This work synthesis, characterization and analyzes the effects of the complexes [PdCl(HBOL-k³C²,N,N)] {HBOL-k³C²,N,N = orthometallated 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde oximes with O-alkylated with N-ethylpiperidine (1) and N-ethylmorpholine (2)}. New complexes 1 and 2 were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, elemental analysis, NMR, MS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). The cytotoxic effects of 1 and 2 were determined by MTT cell viability assay. Cell morphology, colony formation and Wound Healing assay were examined. Cellular uptake,  3D cell culture, cell death mechanisms, cell cycle, and mitochondrial membrane potential. ROS formation and plasma membrane integrity were assessed by confocal microscopy.