Classification system of antipredator mechanisms of post-metamorphic anurans

A crucial step in any ethological study is to distinguish and classify the observed behavior into separate categories. The literature on anuran antipredator mechanisms is largely descriptive due to the opportunistic nature of these observations in the field and the lack of a classification scheme. We propose a concise and explanatory classification system of antipredator mechanisms in post-metamorphic anurans based on both fieldwork and laboratory observations since 1970 and a thorough literature review. The classification system is composed of 12 antipredator mechanisms and the respective sub-types distributed in three stages of defense (i.e. avoid detection, prevent attack, and fight). The various mechanisms should not be viewed as clearly differentiated grades of evolution or the final word on the diversity of defensive behavior in anurans. We hope to sparkle a renewed interest on antipredator mechanisms of post-metamorphic anurans to further understand the evolution of predator-prey interactions.