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Countercurrent chromatography in the preparation of liquid-liquid fractions from crude plant extracts: A ‘green’ alternative

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The term “green chemistry” has became increasingly prominent in scientific and industrial literature due to the numerous environmental impacts generated by chemical processes. Among the guidelines of green chemistry, the adequate and conscious solvent application is the topic of this work [1]. In phytochemistry, the consumption of large quantities of solvents in the preparation of various extracts and fractions generates huge amounts of waste. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a viable alternative to the classical liquid-liquid partition extraction. It is based on liquid-liquid partition with no solid support, comparable to successive extractions in separatory funnel. Loadability and low solvent consumption are among the advantageous features of this technique [2]. In this work CCC was used in the preparation of fractions of increasing polarities (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol) from the pineapple crowns crude ethanolic extract. Results were compared to manual liquid-liquid partition using separatory funnel. Partitioning of 2g of crude extract was performed in a Multilayer Coil Separator − Extractor Countercurrent Chromatograph (P.C. Inc., 80 mL / 1.6 i.d. column; 2 mL/min flow rate) in three different experiments varying volume of mobile phase (1.25Vc/100mL, 2.50Vc/200mL, 3.75Vc/300mL). Obtained fractions were analyzed by TLC, HPLC-DAD and 1H NMR. The CCC fractions had better yield in less time, lower solvent consumption and lower financial cost when compared to the fractions obtained by separatory funnel with no impairment in chemical composition. All fractions had similar profiles when analyzed by TLC, HPLC-DAD and 1H NMR. CCC can be a “green” alternative as it is time and solvent saving with no loss of compounds. For more detailed results, fractions analysis by GC-MS and LC-MS will be performed.